Copper ore is a mineral deposit that contains copper in concentrations high enough to be economically extracted and processed. Copper ore minerals include chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and malachite, among others. Copper ore is formed through geological processes such as hydrothermal deposition, porphyry copper deposits, and sedimentary copper deposits. Copper ore is primarily mined through open-pit or underground mining methods. The extraction of copper from copper ore involves crushing, grinding, flotation, smelting, and refining processes.